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The following
dates and events are reprinted with permission from
A HOLOCAUST
CURRICULUM
An 18-Lesson Instructional Unit by Dr. Sidney M. Bolkosky Betty Rotberg Ellias Dr. David Harris |
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August 3, 1934 With the death of President von Hindenburg, Hitler
declares h i mself president and chancellor—Fuchrer of the Third
Reich.
September 15, 1935 Basic anti-Jewish laws are passed at Nuremberg (the Nuremberg
Laws). These laws took German citizenship from Jews, removed their civil
rights, reduced them to the status of ",ubJec.s," forbade marriage or any
sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews; forbade Jews to employ non-Jewish
women under age 45.
July 16, 1937 Buchenwald concentration camp opens near Weimar, Germany.
March 11-13, 1938 German troops march into Austria and Austria becomes
part of the Third Reich. Five?hundred thousand people line the streets
of Vienna to cheer Hitler as he is welcomed in Austria.
September 29-30, 1938 Munich Conference, attended by the heads of state of Great Britain (Chamberiain), France (Daladier), Italy (Mussolini) and Hitler. Britain and France agree to Germany's taking (annexing) part of Czechoslovakia. No Czech representative was present. October 5, 1938 Jewish passports are marked with a "J" at the request
of the Swiss government. The Swiss do not want German Jewish refugees.
October 28, 1938 Approximately 1 7,000 "stateless" Jews are deported from
Germany to Poland.
March 15, 1939 German troops seize the rest of Czechoslovakia. Great
Britain and France refuse to come to Czechosiovakia's aid. Independent
Czechoslovakia disappears.
August 30,1939 Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
Each country agrees to remain neutral if the other is engaged in a war.
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland.
September 3,1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany as World War
II begins.
September 17,1939 The Red Army ( Soviet Union) invades Eastern Poland.
The secret clause of the Nazi?Soviet Pact becomes public. Independent Poland
disappears.
October 12,1939 Poland falls. The Nazi General Government is established
as the Third Reich incorporates, or annexes, Western Poland.
November 23,1939 Polish Jews must wear armbands with yellow Stars of David whenever they are on the streets.
November 28,1939 Hans Frank, Governor General of occupied Poland, orders
the forming of Jewish Councils in major cities. The first ghetto is set
up in Piotrkow, Poland.
February 12,1940 The Gestapo begin to take German Jews into "protective
custody," that is, deport them to concentration camps.
April 9, 1940 German armies occupy Denmark and Southern Norway.
April 27,1940 Himmler orders a concentration camp set up at Auschwitz,
Poland.
May 10, 1940 Germany invades Holland, Belgium and France.
May 14, 1940 Holland surrenders.
June 29, 1940 France surrenders.
August 1940-December 1941 Anti-Jewish laws are passed in France, Roumania, Hungary,
Italy, Poland and Holland.
November 15, 1940 Warsaw ghetto is sealed by a brick wall, which the Jews
are forced to build.
April 6, 1941 German Army invades Greece and Yugoslavia.
June 22, 1941 Germany invades Eastern Poland, declaring war on the
Soviet Union.
June 25, 1941 Einsatzgruppen begin their first "Aktion, "
that
is, attack on Jews, in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Einsatzgruppen
continued
their killing behind the German armies until December 1942. Using guns
and gas vans, they murdered an estimated 1.4 million Jews.
July 31, 1941 Goering gives Heydrich a free hand in completing the
"Final Solution."
September 1, 1941 All German Jews must wear a Star of David.
October 10, 1941 A "model ghetto" and concentration camp is established
for "privileged Jews" in Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia.
October 14, 1941 Mass deportations of Jews from al I over Europe to concentration
camps begins.
December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor and the U.S. declares war
on Japan.
July 22,1942 Germans order that 6,000-10,000 Jews a day be deported
from Warsaw. The trains go to Treblinka. Adam Czerniakow, head of the Jewish
Council of the Warsaw gheno, commits suicide as the children of the orphanage
are sent. By September 13, 1942,300,000 Jews had been sent to Treblinka
from Warsaw.
July 28,1942 "Jewish Fighting Organization" (ZOB) is formed in the
Warsaw ghetto.
1942 Aktionen, "actions," take place all over Europe.
Millions of Jews are murdered by Einsatzgruppen or sent to the six
death camps. Disease is widespread in all the gheKos; 500,000 Jews die
between 1940 and 1944 in ghettos. Germans begin a policy of starvation
of the Jews in Eastern Europe by keeping food from the gheKos. Mass murders
occur regularly throughout Eastern Poland and the Soviet Union.
April 19,1943 Bermuda Conference on Refugees. British and American officials discuss the possibilities
of rescue of Europe's refugees, rnainly Jews. Although they announce that
secret plans are under way, they decide to do nothing. Warsaw GheKo Rebellion
begins, led by Mordechai Anielewicz and the ZOB.
May 16, 1943 Warsaw ghetto is burned to the ground; 55,000 Jews are
captured and killed or sent to death or labor camps.
1942-1943 Jewish armed resistance in many ghettos: Czestachowa,
Vilna, Bialystok, Tuchin, Minsk and others. Jewish prisoners revolt in
Sobibor and Treblinka death camps. The camps are destroyed but only 40
of 600 escape at Treblinka and approximately 300 escape from Sobibor. Most
are hunted down and killed.
September 20, 1943 Rome is occupied by Germans.
October 2, 1943 Hitler orders the deportation of the Jews of Denmark
to Auschw: The Danes organize a massive rescue operation and more than
7,000 Jews are rescued and taken to Sweden. Only 477 Danish Jews were captured
by the SS.
March 19, 1944 After their Hungarian ally tries to negotiate for peace
with the Allies, the Germans invade and occupy Hungary. This sets the stage
for the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz.
May 15, 1944 Under the direction of Adolf Eichmann, i Hungarian police
and German SS begin to deport the Jews of Hungary even as the Red Army
approaches. An estimated 465,000 were sent to Auschwitz by July. Most went
directly to gas chambers.
October 31, 1944 Final transport of 14,000 Jews arrives at Auschwitz from
Slovakia.
January 1 7, 1945 As the Red Army approaches, the Ger mans order 58,000
prisoners at Auschwitz onto the roads and begin the Death Marches to concentration
camps in Germany. About 20,000 people died on the marches.
April 20, 1945 Hitler commits suicide.
May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders.
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A HOLOCAUST CURRICULUM Life Unworthy of Life An 18-Lesson Instructional Unit by Dr. Sidney M. Bolkosky Betty Rotberg Ellias Dr. David Harris Published by The Center for the Study of the Child Copyright 1987, Jewish Community Council of Metropolitan Detroit. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-961-9288-1-6
The curiculum may be ordered from the HOLOCAUST EDUCATION COALITION West Bloomfield , Michigan, USA
For information please email |
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Who We Are We are the Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust, persecuted during the Nazi era in ghettos, in camps, in hiding, on the run, or forced to leave Nazi occupied Europe. Our objectives are to represent the interest of the child survivor community and to support each other, to keep alive the memory of the six million Jews - including the 1.5 million children - murdered during the Holocaust, and to pass on our legacy to future generations. We pursue these objectives by telling stories of our survival, by community interaction, education, and by holding conferences and fighting anti-Semitism. |
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